ABSTRACT
As widely-used immunotherapy has brought therapeutic benefits to cancer patients, some problems begin to come, such as pseudoprogression which has posed a major challenge for clinicians to manage patients receiving novel drugs. If pseudoprogression is mistaken for the progression of the disease, the immunotherapy is stopped, which may lead patients to lose the treatment opportunity. Liquid biopsies based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) play a key role in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and drug-resistance mechanism of tumor immunotherapy. This article reviews the potential application of ctDNA in the identification of pseudoprogressio for patients after tumor immunotherapy.
ABSTRACT
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The pathophysiology core issue is that the body initiates a severe inflammatory reaction in response to the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms at the initial stage of disease. Subsequently, the body begins to fight inflammation in order to balance immunity status and eventually induces the immune paralysis or immunosuppressive state characterized by exhaustion of immune cell. Both in innate immunity and in acquired immunity, some co-suppressor molecules on the surface of immune cells play important roles in immunosuppression, such as, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing protein-3 (TIM-3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (CD244), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and NKG2A (CD94), et al. Blocking the interaction between these co-suppressor molecules and their ligands can significantly reverse the immunosuppressive state in septic animal models or patients. In order to provide a reference for the monitoring and treatment of sepsis immune dysfunction, this article mainly summarizes the new findings on the role of those co-suppressor molecules in sepsis immune dysfunction in recent years.